When discussing graphene, we should initially mention the natural mineral graphite that is commonly present in our day-to-day live.
As an allotrope of carbon, graphite is a layered product, and the carbon atoms inside graphite are organized layer by layer. Carbon atoms in the same layer “hold hands” and are carefully connected, yet the mix of carbon atoms in between different layers is loose, like a pile of playing cards. With a mild push, the cards will slide apart.
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From the point of view of chemical structure, graphite is a transitional crystal between atomic crystals, steel crystals and molecular crystals. In the crystal, carbon atoms in the same layer form covalent bonds with sp2 hybridization, each carbon atom is attached to three various other carbon atoms, and six carbon atoms develop a routine hexagonal ring on the same airplane, stretching to form a sheet structure.
If graphite is a stack of playing cards, after that graphene is among the cards in this stack of playing cards. Graphene is a two-dimensional material composed of a solitary layer of carbon atoms. Piling graphene layer by layer is graphite. A 1 mm thick graphite contains about 3 million layers of graphene.
Although graphene exists in nature, it is tough to remove a single layer framework.
Greater than twenty years ago, Andre Geim and Konstantin Novoselov, scientists at the University of Manchester in the UK, thought that there should be a way to obtain a solitary layer of graphite.
How can a single layer of graphite be removed? Researchers took a really “straightforward and unrefined” approach – sticking it with tape.
“Much like when we create a typo on paper, we will stick the typo with tape.” Based on this, researchers strongly connect that if tape can adhere to the surface of paper, can it likewise adhere to layers of graphite?
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In the experiment, researchers stuck both sides of pyrolytic graphite flakes to an unique tape, and detached the tape, the graphite sheet was divided into two. Although the thickness of graphite at this time is still far from that of a solitary layer of graphite, scientists have verified the feasibility of this method – each time the tape is utilized, the graphite comes to be thinner. By insisting on utilizing this “mechanical peeling method” to duplicate the operation, they lastly obtained a slim sheet containing only one layer of carbon atoms, which is graphene.
Nevertheless, this approach of repetitively scrubing graphite sheets with tape to acquire graphene has low production performance and can only be used to prepare micron-thick graphene, and can not be mass-produced industrially.
Later on, with the enhancement of scientific and technical levels, the prep work technique of graphene has also made wonderful development. Currently, in addition to this typical physical and mechanical peeling method, there are additionally numerous techniques for preparing graphene, such as redox method, solvent exfoliation approach, chemical vapor deposition, and so on
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